03/04/2026
πΊπΈ U.S. Capital Gains Tax β Explanation with Example
Capital Gains Tax is the tax paid on the profit earned from selling an asset such as stocks, real estate, bonds, or businesses. ππ°
A capital gain occurs when the selling price is higher than the purchase price.
Formula
Capital Gain =
Selling Price β Purchase Price
Types of Capital Gains in the U.S.
1οΈβ£ Short-Term Capital Gains
Applies when an asset is held for 1 year or less.
π Tax treatment:
Taxed as ordinary income
Uses the same federal income tax brackets (10% β 37%)
Example:
Purchase stock = $5,000
Sell after 6 months = $8,000
Capital gain = $3,000
If taxpayer income bracket = 22%
Tax =
$3,000 Γ 22% = $660
2οΈβ£ Long-Term Capital Gains
Applies when an asset is held for more than 1 year.
These gains receive lower tax rates.
π 2025 Long-Term Capital Gains Rates
Taxable Income
Rate
Low income
0%
Middle income
15%
High income
20%
This encourages long-term investing. π
Example: Long-Term Capital Gain
Investor buys shares:
Purchase price = $10,000
After 3 years sells them for:
Selling price = $18,000
Capital gain:
$18,000 β $10,000 = $8,000
If investorβs capital gains rate = 15%
Tax owed:
$8,000 Γ 15% = $1,200
Net profit after tax:
$8,000 β $1,200 = $6,800
Example with Real Estate π
Buy house = $250,000
Sell house later = $320,000
Capital gain:
$320,000 β $250,000 = $70,000
If long-term capital gains rate = 15%
Tax:
$70,000 Γ 15% = $10,500
Important U.S. Capital Gains Rules
π Primary Residence Exclusion
Homeowners can exclude:
$250,000 gain (single)
$500,000 gain (married)
If they lived in the home 2 out of the last 5 years.
π Capital Loss Offset
Losses from investments can reduce taxable gains.
Example:
Gain from stocks = $8,000
Loss from crypto = $3,000
Taxable gain =
$8,000 β $3,000 = $5,000
π Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)
High-income individuals may pay an additional 3.8% tax.
Summary π
Capital gains tax depends on:
Holding period
Income level
Type of asset
Type
Holding Period
Tax Rate
Short-term
β€ 1 year
10β37%
Long-term
> 1 year
0β20%
Financial Accounting