08/31/2026
Observations & Insights – August 31, 2026
Markets Gain Fractionally
The S&P 500, NASDAQ, and Dow posted fractional weekly gains, regaining ground from the previous week’s modest declines. Stocks traded in a narrow range for the third consecutive week following a four-day rally that began on July 30.
Key Points
• Stocks remain near record highs despite higher Treasury yields and a more hawkish Federal Reserve.
• Strong corporate earnings are helping offset the pressure that higher interest rates are putting on stock valuations.
• NVIDIA's results reinforce that massive AI investment is translating into real revenue and earnings growth.
• The $40 trillion national debt cannot be solved by economic growth alone and will eventually require difficult fiscal choices.
• The biggest risk for stocks would be a combination of still-higher interest rates and weakening corporate earnings.
Observations: Stocks Resilient Despite Higher Bond Yields & a Hawkish Fed
U.S. stock indexes wavered after U.S. Federal Reserve Chair Kevin Warsh emphasized inflation risks in a speech Friday morning at a symposium in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. With recent inflation readings remaining well above the Fed’s 2% target, Warsh said that the central bank “must be confident that underlying inflation is moving to our objective, clearly and at sufficient speed. Otherwise, we have work to do.”
The bond market’s reaction to the Fed chair’s speech on Friday was the most pronounced at the short end of the yield curve. The yield of the 2-year Treasury rose to 4.35% on Friday afternoon, up from 4.23% at Thursday’s close, and bond trading reflected a rise in investors’ expectations for a potential interest rate hike at the Fed meeting that concludes on September 16.
The latest reading from the Fed’s preferred gauge for tracking inflation rose modestly. The Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index rose 0.2% in July relative to the previous month, bringing the annual rate to 3.7%. Both figures were slightly above economists’ consensus expectations.
An index that tracks investors’ expectations of short-term U.S. stock market volatility fell on Friday to a year-to-date low on an intraday basis. The CBOE Volatility Index fell to as low as 14.1 in morning trading before closing at 14.4, down from a recent high of 20.9 reached on July 29.
The modestly positive weekly results for U.S. large-cap stocks did not extend to smaller companies, as a small-cap benchmark fell in the wake of the Fed chair’s speech on Friday morning. Kevin Warsh’s comments fueled rising market expectations for a potential interest rate increase, and the Russell 2000 Index fell 1.4% for the day.
A monthly gauge of U.S. consumer sentiment fell amid continued worries about the inflation outlook. The University of Michigan reported on Friday that its Index of Consumer Sentiment fell to 51.7 in August, down from a 55.2 reading in July. Despite the decline, sentiment remains above the record low of 44.8 that was recorded three months earlier.
A monthly labor market report due out on Friday will show whether a recent weakening trend for the labor market extended into August. July’s report showed a decline of 23,000 jobs, and initial growth estimates for May and June were scaled back sharply. Factoring in the latest figures, the three-month average fell to 20,000 jobs created per month—a sharp turnaround from March, when the economy added 214,000.
Insights: Higher Rates, Higher Earnings
Last week, we spent quite a bit of time discussing the bond market and the message being sent by rising Treasury yields. This week, I want to take that discussion one step further: What do higher bond yields mean for stocks, and why has the stock market remained so strong despite them?
It is a particularly relevant question today. The 10-year Treasury yield is approaching 5%, inflation remains above the Federal Reserve's target, and Fed Chairman Kevin Warsh used his Jackson Hole speech Friday to remind investors that the fight against inflation is not over. Yet the S&P 500 remains near record highs.
I think the explanation is fairly straightforward. Higher interest rates are creating a headwind for stock valuations, but corporate earnings are growing fast enough to offset much of that pressure.
Stocks Have More Competition
Stocks and bonds ultimately compete for investor dollars. When Treasury securities yielded 1% or 2%, investors seeking meaningful long-term returns had relatively little incentive to own bonds. Today, investors can earn close to 5% on longer-term Treasury securities. That is real competition for stocks.
The chart above shows just how close that competition has become. The S&P 500's forward earnings yield is now about 5.1%, while the 10-year Treasury yield is approaching 5%. That spread has narrowed considerably, meaning investors are receiving less additional earnings yield from stocks relative to what they can earn from Treasuries. Normally, we might expect that to put significant pressure on stock prices. So far, however, rapidly rising corporate earnings have helped offset that pressure.
Higher Treasury yields also affect what investors are willing to pay for future corporate earnings. Simply put, when investors can earn a higher return from a relatively safe investment, stocks have to offer greater potential returns to justify their additional risk. That tends to put downward pressure on stock valuations.
We are beginning to see that adjustment, but perhaps not in the way many investors would expect. Over the past year, the S&P 500 has risen approximately 18%, while expected earnings have increased roughly 35%. Because earnings have grown considerably faster than stock prices, the market's forward P/E ratio has actually declined. That is encouraging. Companies are increasingly growing into their valuations rather than relying on investors to continually pay higher prices for the same amount of earnings.
Earnings Are Winning the Tug-of-War
NVIDIA provided an extraordinary example last week. The company reported quarterly revenue of $96.2 billion, more than double the amount from a year earlier. Its data-center business alone generated $89 billion in revenue, an increase of 117%.
NVIDIA is an extreme example, but earnings strength extends well beyond one company. With nearly all S&P 500 companies having reported, second-quarter earnings are tracking roughly 35% higher than a year ago. Some of that growth reflects unusual or temporary factors, so we should not expect earnings to continue growing at anything close to that pace indefinitely. Nevertheless, corporate profitability remains very strong.
NVIDIA's results also provide more evidence that the artificial intelligence investment cycle is becoming a real economic and earnings story. The enormous amounts being invested in chips, data centers, networking equipment, power generation and other infrastructure are translating into actual revenues and profits.
This helps explain why stocks have been able to withstand higher interest rates. Rates are putting pressure on how much investors are willing to pay for earnings, but the earnings themselves continue to grow.
The $40 Trillion Question
There is another important part of the bond-market story that should not be ignored. The federal government's gross debt recently surpassed $40 trillion.
We do not expect the United States to someday pay off the national debt entirely, nor do we believe that should necessarily be the goal. Treasury debt plays an important role in our financial system and provides a key foundation for borrowing, investing and global financial markets. The more important question is whether the debt continues growing faster than the economy that ultimately supports it.
That is where we have a legitimate concern.
Faster economic growth would certainly help, particularly if artificial intelligence and other technologies produce the productivity improvements we expect. But the United States cannot realistically grow its way out of the current fiscal problem. With annual federal deficits running at historically high levels outside of recessions or national emergencies, eventually Washington will have to address the other side of the equation.
That will require political will. Spending growth will need to be restrained, revenues may need to be addressed, or some combination of adjustments will have to occur. We do not believe the federal budget needs to be perfectly balanced every year. A more realistic goal would be to move the annual deficit toward approximately 3% of GDP while finding ways to increase real economic growth toward 3%. That would not eliminate the national debt, but it would put the country's finances on a considerably healthier trajectory.
There is also an investment implication. The federal government is competing for capital at the same time America's largest companies are investing enormous sums in AI and other potentially productive assets. Investors therefore have choices.
A Treasury bond offers a highly reliable but fixed stream of payments. A successful business offers less certainty, but it also has the ability to grow its revenues, earnings, cash flow and dividends. It is possible that some investors simply see greater long-term return potential in America's best companies than in locking in a fixed stream of Treasury payments
That does not make stocks safer than Treasury bonds. They are not. But it does help explain why investors can remain attracted to stocks even with Treasury yields approaching 5%.
Warsh: The Fed Is Not Finished
Chairman Warsh added another dimension to the interest-rate discussion Friday at Jackson Hole. He described an economy that remains resilient, with solid economic activity, strong business investment and a labor market that he believes remains consistent with full employment. At the same time, inflation continues to run above the Fed’s 2% target, and Warsh said the improvement seen in some recent inflation readings has not yet been enough to establish a convincing downward trend.
Much of the immediate market and financial media reaction concluded that Warsh is signaling another interest-rate increase. I think his message was more nuanced. He made clear that the Fed remains concerned about inflation, but he was equally careful not to commit to a particular interest-rate decision. In fact, Warsh emphasized that policymakers should remain flexible and respond to economic conditions rather than signal their decisions in advance.
That may be one of the more important takeaways from the speech and I think the market may have missed it. Warsh wants markets to spend less time trying to anticipate the Fed’s next move and more time evaluating the economy itself. He argued that excessive “forward guidance” can distort market signals and limit the Fed’s own flexibility when conditions change. His preference appears to be a quieter Fed that keeps its options open and allows economic data to guide each decision.
For investors, that means both higher and lower rates remain possible depending on what happens next. Inflation is still too high, which argues for patience and leaves additional tightening on the table. At the same time, Warsh explicitly stopped short of signaling that a rate increase is coming. The message from Jackson Hole was less about predicting the next rate move and more about restoring flexibility to monetary policy.
What Could Change the Picture?
That brings us to what I believe is the most important risk to watch.
The 10-year Treasury moving above 5% would create additional competition for stocks and probably put more pressure on valuations. But the level of interest rates by itself is not what concerns me most.
The combination I would worry about is higher interest rates and falling corporate earnings.
That would give investors a more attractive alternative in bonds at precisely the same time that the fundamental support underneath stock prices was weakening. Fortunately, that is not what we are seeing today.
For now, earnings continue to grow, economic activity remains resilient, and businesses continue investing heavily in future growth. Those conditions are allowing stocks to absorb interest rates that might otherwise create considerably more pressure.
Final Thoughts
Higher Treasury yields matter. Bonds are offering stocks their most meaningful competition in years, and higher rates are putting pressure on what investors are willing to pay for future corporate earnings.
But earnings matter too, and right now they are winning the tug-of-war.
We should not dismiss the risks. Inflation remains above the Fed's target, another rate increase is possible, and the country's $40 trillion debt burden eventually requires serious political attention. Faster economic growth would help, but we cannot simply assume that growth will solve the fiscal problem.
At the same time, corporate America continues to produce strong earnings, the economy continues to expand, and AI investment is increasingly translating into measurable revenue and profit growth. That combination helps explain why stocks have remained strong even as bond yields have moved higher. Higher interest rates have raised the bar for stocks. So far, earnings continue to clear it.
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Thank you,
Paul O'Hara, CFP®
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