07/13/2026
RSUs, ISOs, and NSOs: The Tax Basics
Equity compensation can be a major part of executive pay, but each type is taxed differently.
RSUs:
- Taxed at vesting
- Value is treated as ordinary income
- Remaining gains after vesting = capital gains
NSOs (Non-Qualified Stock Options):
- Taxed when you exercise
- Tax is on the “spread” (fair market value minus strike price)
- Post-exercise growth = capital gains
ISOs (Incentive Stock Options):
- No ordinary income tax at exercise (in most cases)
- If holding rules are met, gains may be long-term capital gains
- May trigger Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)
Before exercising options or selling vested shares, consider how the decision affects cash flow, tax withholding, AMT exposure, and concentration risk. Bottom line: Timing drives taxes and planning around exercise and vesting can make a difference.